This editorial responds to Armijo, et al citing that it is, at best, very difficult to compare functional outcome measures used in laboratory experiments with those applied to human studies. However, the editorial authors acknowledge that these recent laboratory observations by Armijo, et al, linking early-life anesthesia exposure to persistent changes in EEG patterns of activity and altered sleep quality, are new and potentially interesting biomarkers in guiding future work in the field of developmental anesthesia neurotoxicity research.
Laszlo Vutskits & Peter A. Goldstein
Anesthesia & Analgesia November 2025