Research Articles

The effect of sevoflurane anesthesia for dental procedure on neurocognition in children: a prospective, equivalence, controlled trial.
BMC Pediatrics April 16, 2021

Effects of general anaesthesia during pregnancy on neurocognitive development of the fetus: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
British Journal of Anaesthesia April 6, 2021

Intrapartum opioid analgesia and childhood neurodevelopmental outcomes among infants born preterm.
American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology MFM April 5, 2021

Anaesthesia, neural activity, and brain development: interneurones in the spotlight.
British Journal of Anaesthesia April 1, 2021

Ketamine inhibits neuronal differentiation by regulating brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) signaling
Toxicology in Vitro April 2021

MicroRNA-1297 suppressed the Akt/GSK3 β signaling pathway and stimulated neural apoptosis in an in vivo sevoflurane exposure model
Journal of International Medical Research April 2021

Repeated exposure to propofol in the neonatal period impairs hippocampal synaptic plasticity and the recognition function of rats in adulthood
Brain Research Bulletin April 2021

Anesthetic Exposure in Staged Versus Single-Stage Cleft Lip and Palate Repair: Can We Reduce Risk of Anesthesia-Induced Developmental Neurotoxicity?
Journal of Craniofacial Surgery March-April 2021

Edaravone Alleviated Propofol-Induced Neurotoxicity in Developing Hippocampus by mBDNF/TrkB/PI3K Pathway.
Drug Design, Development and Therapy March 30, 2021

Intranasal levosimendan prevents cognitive dysfunction and apoptotic response induced by repeated isoflurane exposure in newborn rats.
Naunyn-Schmiedeberg’s Archives of Pharmacology March 27, 2021

Protective Effect of GM1 Attenuates Hippocampus and Cortex Apoptosis After Ketamine Exposure in Neonatal Rat via PI3K/AKT/GSK3β Pathway.
Molecular Neurobiology March 17, 2021

Singular and short-term anesthesia exposure in the developing brain induces persistent neuronal changes consistent with chronic neurodegenerative disease.
Scientific Reports March 11, 2021

Prediction of levobupivacaine concentrations in neonates and infants following neuraxial rescue blocks.
Pediatric Anesthesia March 8, 2021

Anesthesia and the Developing Brain: A Review of Sevoflurane-induced Neurotoxicity in Pediatric Populations.
Clinical Therapeutics March 2, 2021

Dexmedetomidine and Clonidine Attenuate Sevoflurane-Induced Tau Phosphorylation and Cognitive Impairment in Young Mice via α-2 Adrenergic Receptor
Anesthesia & Analgesia March 1, 2021

Predictors of Anesthetic Exposure in Pediatric MRI.
American Journal of Roentgenology March 2021

Behavioural impairments after exposure of neonatal mice to propofol are accompanied by reductions in neuronal activity in cortical circuitry.
British Journal of Anaesthesia February 26, 2021

A synthetic peptide rescues rat cortical neurons from anesthetic-induced cell death, perturbation of growth and synaptic assembly
Scientific Reports February 25, 2021

Developmental exposure to general anaesthesia: missed connections?
British Journal of Anaesthesia February 11, 2021

Changes in Plasma Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein in Children Receiving Sevoflurane Anesthesia: A Preliminary Randomized Trial.
Journal of Clinical Medicine February 9, 2021

General anaesthesia during infancy reduces white matter micro-organisation in developing rhesus monkeys
British Journal of Anaesthesia February 3, 2021

Regulation of CRMP2 by Cdk5 and GSK-3β participates in sevoflurane-induced dendritic development abnormalities and cognitive dysfunction in developing rats
Toxicology Letters February 3, 2021

Epidural analgesia, intrapartum hyperthermia, and neonatal brain injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
British Journal of Anaesthesia February 2021

Expression Signature of lncRNAs and mRNAs in Sevoflurane-Induced Mouse Brain Injury: Implication of Involvement of Wide Molecular Networks and Pathways
International Journal of Molecular Sciences January 30, 2021

Detrimental effects of general anaesthesia on young primates: are we closer to understanding the link?
British Journal of Anaesthesia January 25, 2021

Prenatal Exposure to General Anesthesia and Childhood Behavioral Deficit
Pediatric Anesthesia January 22, 2021

The effects of early anesthesia on neurodevelopment: A systematic review
The Journal of Pediatrics January 19, 2021

The Role of the lncRNA-LRCF in Propofol-Induced Oligodendrocyte Damage in Neonatal Mouse
Neurochemical Research January 7, 2021

Dexmedetomidine attenuates sevoflurane‑induced neurocognitive impairment through α2‑adrenoceptors
Molecular Medicine Reports January 2021

Fundamentals and innovations in regional anaesthesia for infants and children.
Anaesthesia January 2021

General anesthesia activates the mitochondrial unfolded protein response and induces age-dependent, long-lasting changes in mitochondrial function in the developing brain
NeuroToxicology January 2021

Prospectively assessed neurodevelopmental outcomes in studies of anaesthetic neurotoxicity in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis
British Journal of Anaesthesia November 27, 2020

Interval-dependent neurotoxicity after multiple ketamine injections in late postnatal mice
Journal of Anesthesia November 24, 2020

Infant isoflurane exposure affects social behaviours, but does not impair specific cognitive domains in juvenile non-human primates
British Journal of Anaesthesia November 13, 2020

The differential effects of isoflurane and sevoflurane on neonatal mice
Scientific Reports November 9, 2020

Early Childhood General Anesthesia and Neurodevelopmental Outcomes in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children Birth Cohort
Anesthesiology November 1, 2020

Anesthesia in Childhood and Neurodevelopmental Outcome: The Ongoing Hunt for a Phenome
Anesthesiology November 2020

Hot Topics in Safety for Pediatric Anesthesia
Children November 2020

Neuroprotection of the Developing Brain by Dexmedetomidine Is Mediated by Attenuating Single Propofol-induced Hippocampal Apoptosis and Synaptic Plasticity Deficits
Experimental Neurobiology October 31, 2020

Behavior and Regional Cortical BOLD Signal Fluctuations Are Altered in Adult Rabbits After Neonatal Volatile Anesthetic Exposure
Frontiers in Neuroscience October 23, 2020

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and educational level in adolescent and adult individuals after anesthesia and abdominal surgery during infancy
PLOS One October 21, 2020

miR-455-3p alleviates propofol-induced neurotoxicity by reducing EphA4 expression in developing neurons
Biomarkers October 18, 2020

An Overview on the Mechanisms of Neuroprotection and Neurotoxicity of Isoflurane and Sevoflurane in Experimental Studies
Brain Research Bulletin October 17, 2020

MicroRNA-204-5p mediates sevoflurane-induced cytotoxicity in HT22 cells by targeting brain-derived neurotrophic factor
Histology & Histopathology October 2, 2020

Androgenic Modulation of the Chloride Transporter NKCC1 Contributes to Age-dependent Isoflurane Neurotoxicity in Male Rats
Anesthesiology October 1, 2020

A Methyltransferase Inhibitor (Decitabine) Alleviates Intergenerational Effects of Paternal Neonatal Exposure to Anesthesia With Sevoflurane
Anesthesia & Analgesia October 2020

Effects of ketamine on neurogenesis, extracellular matrix homeostasis and proliferation in hypoxia-exposed HT22 murine hippocampal neurons.
Biomedical Reports October 2020

Sevoflurane leads to learning and memory dysfunction via breaking the balance of tPA/PAI-1.
Neurochemistry International October 2020

Maternal sevoflurane exposure affects differentiation of hippocampal neural stem cells by regulating miR-410-3p and ATN1
Stem Cell Research & Therapy September 29, 2020

Anesthesia plus surgery in neonatal period impairs preference for social novelty in mice at the juvenile age.
Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications September 24, 2020

Early childhood general anesthesia exposure associated with later developmental delay: A national population-based cohort study
PLOS One September 24, 2020

Protective role of protocatechuic acid in sevoflurane-induced neuron apoptosis, inflammation and oxidative stress in mice
Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience September 24, 2020

Conditions requiring hospitalisations, more than general anaesthesia itself, are associated with diagnosis of learning disorders in children
Anaesthesia Critical Care & Pain Medicine September 23, 2020

Effects of early postnatal sevoflurane exposure on oligodendrocyte maturation and myelination in cerebral white matter of the rat
Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy September 18, 2020

Neonatal exposure to sevoflurane expands the window of vulnerability to adverse effects of subsequent exposure to sevoflurane and alters hippocampal morphology via decitabine-sensitive mechanisms
Neuroscience Letters September 14, 2020

Sevoflurane Post-Conditioning Ameliorates Neuronal Deficits and Axon Demyelination After Neonatal Hypoxic Ischemic Brain Injury: Role of Microglia/Macrophage
Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology September 2, 2020

Propofol inhibits the expression of Abelson nonreceptor tyrosine kinase without affecting learning or memory function in neonatal rats
Brain and Behavior September 1, 2020

Is Anesthesia Bad for the Brain? Current Knowledge on the Impact of Anesthetics on the Developing Brain.
Anesthesiology Clinics September 2020

Sevoflurane Induces Hippocampal Neuronal Apoptosis by Altering the Level of Neuropeptide Y in Neonatal Rats.
Neurochemical Research September 2020

Tau Contributes to Sevoflurane-induced Neurocognitive Impairment in Neonatal Mice
Anesthesiology September 2020

The protective effect of trilobatin against isoflurane-induced neurotoxicity in mouse hippocampal neuronal HT22 cells involves the Nrf2/ARE pathway
Toxicology September 2020

The Unspoken Question!
Anesthesia & Analgesia September 2020

Yes‑associated protein protects and rescues SH‑SY5Y cells from ketamine‑induced apoptosis
Molecular Medicine Reports September 2020

Propofol Exposure Disturbs the Differentiation of Rodent Neural Stem Cells via an miR-124-3p/Sp1/Cdkn1b Axis
Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology August 27, 2020

Dexmedetomidine: What’s New for Pediatrics? A Narrative Review
Journal of Clinical Medicine August 24, 2020

Dusp4 Contributes to Anesthesia Neurotoxicity via Mediated Neural Differentiation in Primates
Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology August 19, 2020

Research progress and treatment strategies for anesthetic neurotoxicity.
Brain Research Bulletin August 13, 2020

Anesthesia Exposure during Therapy Predicts Neurocognitive Outcomes in Survivors of Childhood Medulloblastoma
The Journal of Pediatrics August 2020

Sevoflurane Induces Learning and Memory Impairment in Young Mice Through a Reduction in Neuronal Glucose Transporter 3
Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology August 2020

Regions of the basal ganglia and primary olfactory system are most sensitive to neurodegeneration after extended sevoflurane anesthesia in the perinatal rat.
Neurotoxicology and Teratology July-August 2020

Association between surgical procedures under general anesthesia in infancy and developmental outcomes at 1 year: the Japan Environment and Children’s Study.
Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine July 25, 2020

LncRNA Rik-203 Contributes to Sevoflurane Induced Neurotoxicity?
Frontiers in Medicine (Lausanne) July 22, 2020

Increasing the interval between repeated anesthetic exposures reduces long‐lasting synaptic changes in late post‐natal mice
Journal of Neurochemistry July 8, 2020

Coenzyme Q10 Alleviates sevoflurane‑induced Neuroinflammation by Regulating the Levels of Apolipoprotein E and Phosphorylated Tau Protein in Mouse Hippocampal Neurons
Molecular Medicine Reports July 2020

Maternal Treadmill Exercise Reduces the Neurotoxicity of Prenatal Sevoflurane Exposure in Rats via Activation of p300 Histone Acetyltransferase.
Neurochemical Research July 2020

Neonatal Isoflurane Anesthesia or Disruption of Postsynaptic Density-95 Protein Interactions Change Dendritic Spine Densities and Cognitive Function in Juvenile Mice.
Perioperative Medicine July 2020

Neurotoxicity effects of anesthetic exposure on the developing brain of non-human primates
Medical Hypotheses July 2020

LncRNA LINC00641 Sponges miR-497-5p to Ameliorate Neural Injury Induced by Anesthesia via Up-Regulating BDNF.
Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience June 30, 2020

General anesthesia affecting on developing brain: evidence from animal to clinical research.
Journal of Anesthesia June 29, 2020

Autophagic Network Analysis of the Dual Effect of Sevoflurane on Neurons Associated with GABARAPL1 and 2.
BioMed Research International June 26, 2020

Dexmedetomidine in children – when should we be using it?
Anaesthesia June 24, 2020

Neonatal sevoflurane exposure induces impulsive behavioral deficit through disrupting excitatory neurons in the medial prefrontal cortex in mice.
Translational Psychiatry June 20, 2020

An appropriate level of autophagy reduces emulsified isoflurane-induced apoptosis in fetal neural stem cells.
Neural Regeneration Research June 19, 2020

Safety of anesthetic exposure on the developing brain – Do we have the answer yet?
Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology June 15, 2020

Propofol Attenuates Isoflurane-Induced Neurotoxicity and Cognitive Impairment in Fetal and Offspring Mice
Anesthesia & Analgesia June 10, 2020

Use of Dexmedetomidine and Opioids as the Primary Anesthetic in Infants and Young Children: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Pediatric Anesthesia June 8, 2020

Anesthetic Drugs in Children and Pregnant Women – Implications of the Recent FDA Warning.
Harefuah June 2020

Optimization of Ultrasound Backscatter Spectroscopy to Assess Neurotoxic Effects of Anesthesia in the Newborn Non-human Primate Brain
Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology May 29, 2020

Neonatal Exposure to Anesthesia Leads to Cognitive Deficits in Old Age: Prevention With Intranasal Administration of Insulin in Mice
Neurotoxicity Research May 26, 2020

Neonatal Ketamine Alters High-Frequency Oscillations and Synaptic Plasticity in the Subiculum But Does not Affect Sleep Macrostructure in Adolescent Rats
Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience May 26, 2020

Neuroendocrine, epigenetic, and intergenerational effects of general anesthetics
World Journal of Psychiatry May 19, 2020

Upregulation of miR-215 attenuates propofol-induced apoptosis and oxidative stress in developing neurons by targeting LATS2.
Molecular Medicine May 6, 2020

Neurotoxicity of Sub-Anesthetic Doses of Sevoflurane and Dexmedetomidine Co-Administration in Neonatal Rats
NeuroToxicology May 5, 2020

Upregulation of miR-496 Rescues Propofol-Induced Neurotoxicity by Targeting Rho Associated Coiled-Coil Containing Protein Kinase 2 (ROCK2) in Prefrontal Cortical Neurons
Current Neurovascular Research May 5, 2020

Acetyl-l-carnitine Does Not Prevent Neurodegeneration in a Rodent Model of Prolonged Neonatal Anesthesia
Neurotoxicology and Teratology May 3, 2020

Standards for Preclinical Research and Publications in Developmental Anaesthetic Neurotoxicity: Expert Opinion Statement From the SmartTots Preclinical Working Group
British Journal of Anaesthesia May 2020

Potential Neurodevelopmental Effects of Pediatric Intensive Care Sedation and Analgesia: Repetitive Benzodiazepine and Opioid Exposure Alters Expression of Glial and Synaptic Proteins in Juvenile Rats
Critical Care Explorations April 29, 2020

The Effects of Hesperidin on Neuronal Apoptosis and Cognitive Impairment in the Sevoflurane Anesthetized Rat are Mediated Through the PI3/Akt/PTEN and Nuclear Factor-κB (NF-κB) Signaling Pathways
Medical Science Monitor April 16, 2020

HSP90 inhibitor 17AAG attenuates sevoflurane-induced neurotoxicity in rats and human neuroglioma cells via induction of HSP70
Journal of Translational Medicine April 15, 2020

The Role of Histone Acetylation in the Sevoflurane-induced Inhibition of Neurogenesis in the Hippocampi of Young Mice.
Neuroscience April 15, 2020

Pediatric anesthesiologists’ attitudes about neurotoxicity and the FDA drug safety communication
Pediatric Anesthesia April 12, 2020

Iron Overload Contributes to General Anaesthesia-Induced Neurotoxicity and Cognitive Deficits
Journal of Neuroinflammation April 11, 2020

PDE-7 Inhibitor BRL-50481 Reduces Neurodegeneration and Long-Term Memory Deficits in Mice Following Sevoflurane Exposure
ACS Chemical Neuroscience April 9, 2020

Sevoflurane Inhibits Neuronal Migration and Axon Growth in the Developing Mouse Cerebral Cortex
Aging April 9, 2020

Effect of xenon and dexmedetomidine as adjuncts for general anesthesia on postoperative emergence delirium after elective cardiac catheterization in children: study protocol for a randomized, controlled, pilot trial
Trials April 3, 2020

How Should Trainees’ Influences on Postoperative Outcomes Be Disclosed?
AMA Journal of Ethics April 2020

Inhibition of the electron transport chain in propofol induced neurotoxicity in zebrafish embryos
Neurotoxicology and Teratology March-April 2020

Ketamine promotes the neural differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells by activating mTOR
Molecular Medicine Reports March 30, 2020

GAS, PANDA, and MASK: Comment. Williams & Sartorelli.
Anesthesiology March 26, 2020

Effects of propofol on hippocampal neuron viability
Child’s Nervous System March 16, 2020

Evaluation of the Toxicity of Sugammadex in Zebrafish Larvae
Journal of Korean Medical Science March 9, 2020

Compound Porcine Cerebroside and Ganglioside Injection (CPCGI) Attenuates Sevoflurane-Induced Nerve Cell Injury by Regulating the Phosphorylation of p38 MAP Kinase (p38MAPK)/Nuclear Factor kappa B (NF-κB) Pathway.
Medical Science Monitor March 1, 2020

Dexmedetomidine attenuates ethanol-induced inhibition of hippocampal neurogenesis in neonatal mice
Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology March 1, 2020

Anesthesia for Major Surgery in the Neonate
Anesthesiology Clinics March 2020

GAS, PANDA, and MASK: Comment
Anesthesiology March 2020

GAS, PANDA, and MASK: Reply. Vutskits & Culley
Anesthesiology March 2020

Neurotoxicity of Drugs in Children During Antenatal and Postnatal Development Periods
American Journal of Pediatrics March 2020

Sex differences in neurodevelopmental abnormalities caused by early-life anaesthesia exposure: a review.
British Journal of Anaesthesia March 2020

False Interpretation of Scientific Data Leads to Biased Conclusions About the Association Between Cesarean Deliveries Under General Anesthesia and Risk of Autism Spectrum Disorder.
Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders February 19, 2020

Resveratrol Mitigates Sevoflurane-Induced Neurotoxicity by the SIRT1-Dependent Regulation of BDNF Expression in Developing Mice
Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity February 19, 2020

Neuroprotective effects of dexmedetomidine against the ketamine-induced disturbance of proliferation and differentiation of developing neural stem cells in the subventricular zone
BMC Neuroscience February 16, 2020

Cyclophilin D Contributes to Anesthesia Neurotoxicity in the Developing Brain
Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology February 11, 2020

MicroRNA-582-5p reduces propofol-induced apoptosis in developing neurons by targeting ROCK1.
Current Neurovascular Research February 7, 2020

Definition of Clinical Outcomes in Pediatric Anesthesia Research: It Is Like the Tower of Babel!
Anesthesia & Analgesia February 2020

Desflurane and Surgery Exposure During Pregnancy Decrease Synaptic Integrity and Induce Functional Deficits in Juvenile Offspring Mice.
Neurochemical Research February 2020

Exogenous GM1 Ganglioside Attenuates Ketamine-Induced Neurocognitive Impairment in the Developing Rat Brain
Anesthesia & Analgesia February 2020

General anesthesia risk across pediatric surgical specialties: Low in otolaryngology
International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology February 2020

Dexmedetomidine Alleviates Neurogenesis Damage Following Neonatal Midazolam Exposure in Rats through JNK and P38 MAPK Pathways
ACS Chemical Neuroscience January 30, 2020

Effects of embryonic propofol exposure on axonal growth and locomotor activity in zebrafish
Journal of Applied Toxicology January 30, 2020

The mTOR Inhibitor Rapamycin Prevents General Anesthesia-Induced Changes in Synaptic Transmission and Mitochondrial Respiration in Late Postnatal Mice
Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience January 28, 2020

Downregulation of CDK5 Restores Sevoflurane-Induced Cognitive Dysfunction by Promoting SIRT1-Mediated Autophagy.
Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology January 16, 2020

Conflicting Actions of Inhalational Anesthetics, Neurotoxicity and Neuroprotection, Mediated by the Unfolded Protein Response
International Journal of Molecular Sciences January 10, 2020

General Anesthetic-Induced Neurotoxicity in the Immature Brain: Reevaluating the Confounding Factors in the Preclinical Studies.
Hindawi January 8, 2020

Exposure to Surgery and Anesthesia in Early Childhood and Subsequent Use of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Medications.
Anesthesia & Analgesia January 8, 2020

Paediatric Anaesthesia Neurotoxicity: Bring Back the Papoose Board?
Oral Health January 7, 2020

Effects of Xenon-Based Anesthetic Exposure on the Expression Levels of Polysialic Acid Neural Cell Adhesion Molecule (PSA-NCAM) on Human Neural Stem Cell-Derived Neurons.
Molecular Neurobiology January 2020

General anesthesia in infants: neurobiological and neuropsychological concerns.
Boletin medico del Hospital Infantil de Mexico 2020

Ketamine exerts neurotoxic effects on the offspring of pregnant rats via the Wnt/β-catenin pathway.
Environmental Science and Pollution Research January 2020

NR2B receptor- and calpain-mediated KCC2 cleavage resulted in cognitive deficiency exposure to isoflurane
NeuroToxicology January 2020

Paeonol attenuates isoflurane anesthesia-induced hippocampal neurotoxicity via modulation of JNK/ERK/P38MAPK pathway and regulates histone acetylation in neonatal rat.
Journal of Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine January 2020

Vitexin improves neuron apoptosis and memory impairment induced by isoflurane via regulation of miR-409 expression.
Advances in Clinical and Experimental Medicine January 2020

Anesthesia affects excitatory/inhibitory synapses during the critical synaptogenic period in the hippocampus of young mice: Importance of sex as a biological variable.
Neurotoxicology. November 28, 2018

A Systematic Review and Narrative Synthesis on the histological and neurobehavioral long term effects of dexmedetomidine.
Pediatric Anesthesia. November 26, 2018

A case report of multiple anesthesia for pediatric surgery: 80 anesthesia applications in a period of 6 years.
BMC Anesthesiology. November 20, 2018

Early life exposure to extended general anesthesia with isoflurane and nitrous oxide reduces responsivity on a cognitive test battery in the nonhuman primate.
Neurotoxicology. November 14, 2018

Influence of Surgical Procedures and General Anesthesia on Child Development Before Primary School Entry Among Matched Sibling Pairs.
JAMA Pediatrics. November 5, 2018

Fetal Surgery Decreases Anesthesia-Induced Neuroapoptosis in the Mid-Gestational Fetal Ovine Brain
Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy. October 12, 2018

MicroRNA-107 regulates anesthesia-induced neural injury in embryonic stem cell derived neurons
IUBMB Life. October 11, 2018

CORRESPONDENCE: Can population cohort studies assess the long‐term impact of anesthesia in children?
Pediatric Anesthesia. October 9, 2018

Signaling network between the dysregulated expression of microRNAs and mRNAs in propofol-induced developmental neurotoxicity in mice
Scientific Reports. September 21, 2018

Reduction the risk in pediatric anesthesia-what should we know-what should we do
Wiener Medizinische Wochenschrift. September 18, 2018

Sedative and Anesthetic Neurotoxicity in Infants and Young Children: Not Just an Operating Room Concern
The Journal of Pediatrics. September 2018

Lipid profiling as an effective approach for identifying biomarkers/adverse events associated with pediatric anesthesia
Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. September 2018

Intravenous versus inhalational anesthesia for pediatric inpatient surgery – A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Journal of Clinical Anesthesia. September 2018

Anesthesia and the developing brain: A way forward for laboratory and clinical research
Paediatric Anaesthesia. September 2018

N-acetylcysteine prevents ketamine-induced adverse effects on development, heart rate and monoaminergic neurons in zebrafish
Neuroscience Letters. August 24, 2018

Dexmedetomidine mitigates sevoflurane-induced cell cycle arrest in hippocampus
Journal of Anesthesia. August 20, 2018

Cognitive Impairment and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Induced by Repeated Short-Term Sevoflurane Exposure in Early Life of Rats
Frontiers in Psychiatry. August 2, 2018

Expert Available to Discuss Children and Anesthesia
American Society of Anesthesiologists. August 1, 2018

The effect of xenon-augmented sevoflurane anesthesia on intraoperative hemodynamics and early postoperative neurocognitive function in children undergoing cardiac catheterization: A randomized controlled pilot trial
Paediatric Anaesthesia. August 2018

Role of epigenetic mechanisms in transmitting the effects of neonatal sevoflurane exposure to the next generation of male, but not female, rats
British Journal of Anaesthesia. August 2018

Neonatal exposure of ketamine inhibited the induction of hippocampal long-term potentiation without impairing the spatial memory of adult rats
Cognitive Neurodynamics. August 2018

Early Developmental Exposure to General Anesthetic Agents in Primary Neuron Culture Disrupts Synapse Formation via Actions on the mTOR Pathway
International Journal of Molecular Sciences. July 26, 2018

Neonatal anesthesia exposure impacts brain microRNAs and their associated neurodevelopmental processes
Scientific Reports. July 13, 2018

Comparison of neurotoxicity of dexmedetomidine as an adjuvant in brachial plexus block in rats of different age
Neurotoxicology and Teratology. July 11, 2018

When Your Child Needs Surgery, Don’t Fear Anesthesia, Says American Society of Anesthesiologists
American Society of Anesthesiologists. July 9, 2018

Long-Term Neurobehavioral Consequences of a Single Ketamine Neonatal Exposure in Rats: Effects on Cellular Viability and Glutamate Transport in Frontal Cortex and Hippocampus
Neurotoxicity Research. July 2, 2018

Pediatric Neuroanesthesia
Current Opinion in Anaesthesiology. July 2018

Does pediatric anesthesia cause brain damage? Addressing parental and provider concerns in light of compelling animal studies and seemingly ambivalent human data.
Korean Journal of Anesthesiology. June 4, 2018

Epidemiology of general anesthesia prior to age 3 in a population-based birth cohort
Pediatric Anesthesia. June 2018

Role of autophagy in sevoflurane-induced neurotoxicity in neonatal rat hippocampal cells.
Brain Research Bulletin June 2018

The impact of general anesthesia on child development and school performance: a population-based study
Paediatric Anaesthesia. June 2018

The postoperative effect of sevoflurane inhalational anesthesia on cognitive function and inflammatory response of pediatric patients.
European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences. June 2018

Choosing Wisely in pediatric anesthesia: An interpretation from the German Scientific Working Group of Paediatric Anaesthesia (WAKKA).
Pediatric Anesthesia. May 30, 2018

Spinal anesthesia for surgery longer than 60 min in infants: experience from the first 2 years of a spinal anesthesia program.
Journal of Anesthesia. May 28, 2018

Adaptation of Microelectrode Array Technology for the Study of Anesthesia-induced Neurotoxicity in the Intact Piglet Brain.
Journal of Visualized Experiments. May 12, 2018

Spinal anesthesia instead of general anesthesia for infants undergoing tendon Achilles lengthening.
Local and Regional Anesthesia. May 3, 2018

Estimating pediatric general anesthesia exposure: Quantifying duration and risk
Pediatric Anesthesia. May 2, 2018

Fentanyl Induces Cerebellar Internal Granular Cell Layer Apoptosis in Healthy Newborn Pigs
Frontiers in Neurology May 1, 2018

Effect of multiple neonatal sevoflurane exposures on hippocampal apolipoprotein E levels and learning and memory abilities
Pediatrics & Neonatology. April 2018

Persistent alteration in behavioural reactivity to a mild social stressor in rhesus monkeys repeatedly exposed to sevoflurane in infancy.
British Journal of Anaesthesia. April 2018

A neurosteroid analogue with T-type calcium channel blocking properties is an effective hypnotic, but is not harmful to neonatal rat brain.
British Journal of Anaesthesia. April 2018

Neuropsychological and Behavioral Outcomes after Exposure of Young Children to Procedures Requiring General Anesthesia: The Mayo Anesthesia Safety in Kids (MASK) Study.
Anesthesiology. April 2018

Clinical Evidence for Any Effect of Anesthesia on the Developing Brain.
Anesthesiology. April 2018

Anesthesia and Neurodevelopment in Children – perhaps the end of the beginning.
Anesthesiology. April 2018

Young Brain and Anesthesia: Refusal of Anesthesia Is Not an Option!
Anesthesiology. April 2018

The Challenges of Translation.
Anesthesiology. April 2018

Exposure of the Developing Brain to General Anesthesia: What is the Animal Evidence?
Anesthesiology. April 2018

SmartTots Update Regarding Anesthetic Neurotoxicity in the Developing Brain
Anesthesia & Analgesia. April 2018

SmartTots: Quo Vadis?
Anesthesia & Analgesia. April 2018

Effects on adult cognitive function after neonatal exposure to clinically relevant doses of ionising radiation and ketamine in mice
British Journal of Anaesthesia. March 2018

Postoperative Delirium, Learning, and Anesthetic Neurotoxicity: Some Perspectives and Directions.
Frontiers in Neurology. March 2018

Reducing the Number of Anesthetic Exposures in the Early Years of Life: Circumcision and Myringotomy as an Example.
Clinical Pediatrics. March 2018

A Systematic Review of Risk Factors Associated With Cognitive Impairment After Pediatric Critical Illness.
Pediatric Critical Care Medicine. March 2018

S100β in newborns after C-section with general vs. epidural anesthesia: a prospective observational study.
Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. March 2018

Changes in sensory processing after anesthesia in toddlers.
Minerva Anestesiologica. February 5, 2018

Lipoic acid inhibited desflurane-induced hippocampal neuronal apoptosis through Caspase3 and NF-KappaB dependent pathway.
Tissue & Cell.” February 2018

Changes in tissue and cerebral oxygenation following spinal anesthesia in infants: a prospective study.
Journal of Anesthesia. January 12, 2018

Reducing sedation for pediatric body MRI using accelerated and abbreviated imaging protocols.
Pediatric Radiology. January 2018

Food and Drug Administration warning on anesthesia and brain development: implications for obstetric and fetal surgery.
American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. January 2018

An International, Multicenter, Observational Study of Cerebral Oxygenation during Infant and Neonatal Anesthesia
Anesthesiology January 2018

Influence of nitrous oxide on granule cell migration in the dentate gyrus of the neonatal rat
BioMed Research. 2018

The Relevance of Anesthetic Drug-Induced Neurotoxicity
AMA Pediatr. 2016

Review of preclinical studies on pediatric general anesthesia-induced developmental neurotoxicity
Neurotoxicol Teratol. 2016 Nov 18

Neonatal Repeated Exposure to Isoflurane not Sevoflurane in Mice Reversibly Impaired Spatial Cognition at Juvenile-Age
Neurochem Res. 2016 Nov 24

Lasting impact of general anesthesia on the brain: mechanism and relevance
Nature Reviews Neuroscience

Anesthetic Neurotoxicity:  New Findings and Future Directions
The Journal of Pediatrics

Neonatal inhibition of Na+-K+-2Cl−-cotransporter prevents ketamine induced spatial learning and memory impairments
Neurotoxicology and Teratology 2016.11.01

Isoflurane exposure leads to apoptosis of neurons and oligodendrocytes in 20- and 40-day old rhesus macaques
Neurotoxicology and Teratology 2016.11.06

Anesthetic neurotoxicity: Apoptosis and autophagic cell death mediated by calcium dysregulation
Neurotoxicology and Teratology 2016.11.04

Is a short anesthetic exposure in children safe? Time will tell: a focused commentary of the GAS and PANDA trials
Ann Transl Med. 2016 Oct

Do anesthetics harm the developing human brain? An integrative analysis of animal and human studies
Neurotoxicol Teratol. 2016 Oct 26

Minimally invasive biomarkers of general anesthetic-induced developmental neurotoxicity
Neurotoxicology and Teratology 2016.10.07

The genetics of isoflurane-induced developmental neurotoxicity
Neurotoxicology and Teratology 2016.10.07

Neurogenesis and developmental anesthetic neurotoxicity
Neurotoxicology and Teratology 2016.10.01

Carbon monoxide and anesthesia-induced neurotoxicity.
Neurotoxicol Teratol. 2016 Sep 9

Astragaloside IV protects new born rats from anesthesia-induced apoptosis in the developing brain.
Exp Ther Med. 2016 Sep;12

Isoflurane provides neuroprotection in neonatal hypoxic ischemic brain injury by suppressing apoptosis.
Rev Bras Anestesiol. 2016

Long-lasting behavioral effects in neonatal mice with multiple exposures to ketamine-xylazine anesthesia.
Neurotoxicol Teratol. 2016 Sep 10

Altered hippocampal microRNA expression profiles in neonatal rats caused by sevoflurane anesthesia: MicroRNA profiling and bioinformatics target analysis.
Exp Ther Med. 2016 Sep;12

Long-term Fate Mapping to Assess the Impact of Postnatal Isoflurane Exposure on Hippocampal Progenitor Cell Productivity
Anesthesiology 2016 Sep 21

The effect of anaesthesia on the infant brain
Early Hum Dev. 2016 Sep 10

Intelligence quotient scores at the age of 6 years in children anaesthetised before the age of 5 years
26 September 2016

Ketamine exposure during embryogenesis inhibits cellular proliferation in rat fetal cortical neurogenic regions
Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, April 2016

Paediatric anaesthesia and neurotoxicity: can we translate findings from animals to humans?
Minerva Anestesiologica, April 2016

Oral Clefts and Academic Performance in Adolescence: The Impact of Anesthesia-Related Neurotoxicity, Timing of Surgery, and Type of Oral Clefts
Cleft Palate Craniofac J., April 2016

Increasing cumulative exposure to volatile anesthetic agents is associated with poorer neurodevelopmental outcomes in children with hypoplastic left heart syndrome.
J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg., April 2016

rno-miR-665 targets BCL2L1 (Bcl-xl) and increases vulnerability to propofol in developing astrocytes
J Neurochem, April 2016

Xenon depresses aEEG background voltage activity whilst maintaining cardiovascular stability in sedated healthy newborn pigs
J Neurol Sci. April 2016

Potential neurotoxicity of anesthetic drugs in young children: who cares? A survey among European anesthetists
Minerva Anestesiologica, March 2016

Preterm Versus Term Children: Analysis of Sedation/Anesthesia Adverse Events and Longitudinal Risk
Pediatrics, March 2016

Neuronal apoptosis may not contribute to the long-term cognitive dysfunction induced by a brief exposure to 2% sevoflurane in developing rats
Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, March 2016

Lithium Protects Against Anesthesia Neurotoxicity in the Infant Primate Brain
Scientific Reports, March 2016

Dexmedetomidine and ketamine show distinct patterns of cell degeneration and apoptosis in the developing rat neonatal brain
The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine, March 2016

The mitochondrial division inhibitor Mdivi-1 rescues mammalian neurons from anesthetic-induced cytotoxicity
Mol Brain, March 2016

Inflammation Increases Neuronal Sensitivity to General Anesthetics.
Anesthesiology, February 2016.

Isoflurane Is More Deleterious to Developing Brain Than Desflurane: The Role of the Akt/GSK3β Signaling Pathway
BioMed Research International, February, 2016  

Increased mitochondrial ATP production capacity in brain of healthy mice and a mouse model of isolated complex I deficiency after isoflurane anesthesia
Journal of Inherited Medicine, January 2016

Acute and Long-Term Effects of Brief Sevoflurane Anesthesia During the Early Postnatal Period in Rats
Toxicol. Sci., January 2016

α-Lipoic acid inhibits sevoflurane-induced neuronal apoptosis through PI3K/Akt signalling pathway
Cell Biochemistry and Function, January 2016

Midazolam dose correlates with abnormal hippocampal growth and neurodevelopmental outcome in preterm infants
Annals of Neurology, January 2016

Differential Suppression of Spontaneous and Noxious-evoked Somatosensory Cortical Activity by Isoflurane in the Neonatal Rat
Anesthesiology, January 2016

Etomidate exposure in early infant mice does not induce apoptosis or affect behavior
Acta Anaesthesiol Scand, January 2016

Vitamin C Attenuates Isoflurane-Induced Caspase-3 Activation and Cognitive Impairment
Molecular Neurobiology, November 2014.

Clinical Research Into Anesthetic Neurotoxicity: Does Anesthesia Cause Neurological Abnormalities in Humans?
Journal of Neurosurgical Anesthesiology, October 2014.

Engaging Stakeholders in Research Related to Anesthesia and Neurodevelopment in Children
Journal of Neurosurgical Anesthesiology, October 2014.

Isoflurane Impairs the Capacity of Astrocytes to Support Neuronal Development in a Mouse Dissociated Coculture Model
Journal of Neurosurgical Anesthesiology, October 2014.

Ketamine Affects the Neurogenesis of Rat Fetal Neural Stem Progenitor Cells via the PI3K/Akt-p27 Signaling Pathway.
Birth defects research. Part B, Developmental and reproductive toxicology, October 2014.

Neurodevelopmental Outcomes After Initial Childhood Anesthetic Exposure Between Ages 3 and 10 Years Journal of Neurosurgical Anesthesiology, October 2014.

Pediatric Surgeons and Anesthesiologists Expand the Dialogue on the Neurotoxicity Question, Rationale for Early and Delayed Surgeries, and Practice Changes While Awaiting Definitive Evidence
Journal of Neurosurgical Anesthesiology, October 2014.

Postoperative Cognitive Function Following General Versus Regional Anesthesia: A Systematic Review Journal of Neurosurgical Anesthesiology, October 2014.

Report of the Fourth PANDA Symposium on Anesthesia and Neurodevelopment in Children Journal of Neurosurgical Anesthesiology, October 2014.

Review: effects of anesthetics on brain circuit formation.
Journal of Neurosurgical Anesthesiology, October 2014.

Cognitive Outcomes After Infant Spinal Anesthesia: The Other Side of the Coin
Anesthesia & Analgesia, September 2014.

Neurosurgical conditions and procedures in infancy are associated with mortality and academic performances in adolescence: a nationwide cohort study
Pediatric Anesthesia, September 2014.

Sevoflurane induces tau phosphorylation and glycogen synthase kinase 3β activation in young mice
Anesthesiology, September 2014.

Long term neurotoxicity by general anesthetics in infants
Anaesthesia, Pain & Intensive Care, 2014.

Both JNK and P38 MAPK pathways participate in the protection by dexmedetomidine against isoflurane-induced neuroapoptosis in the hippocampus of neonatal rats.
Brain Res Bull, July 2014.

Dexmedetomidine provides neuroprotection: impact on ketamine-induced neuroapoptosis in the developing rat brain
Acta Anaesthesiol Scand, July 2014.

Down-regulation of MicroRNA-21 Is Involved in the Propofol-induced Neurotoxicity Observed in Human Stem Cell-derived Neurons.
Anesthesiology, July 2014.

Endocrine and Neurobehavioral Abnormalities Induced by Propofol Administered to Neonatal Rats.
Anesthesiology, July 2014.

Erythropoietin protects newborn rat against sevoflurane-induced neurotoxicity Pediatric Anesthesia, July 2014.

Cognitive Outcome after Spinal Anesthesia and Surgery During Infancy
Anesthesia & Analgesia, June 2014.

Comparison of neurodegeneration and cognitive impairment in neonatal mice exposed to propofol or isoflurane.
PLoS One, June 2014.

Effect of General Anesthesia in Infancy on Long-Term Recognition Memory in Humans and Rats
Neuropsychopharmacology, June 2014.

Impact of ketamine on learning and memory function, neuronal apoptosis and its potential association with miR-214 and PTEN in adolescent rats.
PLoS One, June 2014.

The Neonatologist’s Role in Pediatric Anesthesia Neurotoxicity
JAMA Pediatrics, June 2014.

General anaesthetics and the developing brain: an overview.
Anaesthesia, May 14, 2014.

Propofol anesthesia induces proapoptotic tumor necrosis factor-α and pro-nerve growth factor signaling and prosurvival Akt and XIAP expression in neonatal rat brain.
J Neurosci Res, May 14, 2014.

Repeated Administration of Ketamine can Induce Hippocampal Neurodegeneration and Long-Term Cognitive Impairment via the ROS/HIF-1α Pathway in Developing Rats.
Cell Physiol Biochem, May 2014.

Neurotoxic effects of dexmedetomidine in fetal cynomolgus monkey brains
J Toxicol Sci, 2014.

Comparative Analysis of Outcome Measures Used in Examining Neurodevelopmental Effects of Early Childhood Anesthesia Exposure
Anesthesiology, April 2014.

Dexmedetomidine Reduces Isoflurane-Induced Neuroapoptosis Partly by Preserving P13K/Akt Pathway in the Hippocampus of Neonatal Rats
PLoS One, April 2014.

Dual effects of ketamine: neurotoxicity versus neuroprotection in anesthesia for the developing brain
J Neurosurg Anesthesiol, April 2014.

Involvement of RAGE in isoflurane-induced neuronal apoptosis
The FASEB Journal, April 2014.

Isoflurane exposure in newborn rats induces long-term cognitive dysfunction in males but not females Neuropharmacology, April 2014.

Neuroprotective gases–fantasy or reality for clinical use?
Prog Neurobiol, April 2014.

Sevoflurane in combination with propofol, not thiopental, induces a more robust neuroapoptosis than sevoflurane alone in the neonatal mouse brain
Journal of Anesthesia, April 2014.

The role of miR-21 in propofol-induced neurotoxicity in developing human neurons (1093.2)
The FASEB Journal, April 2014.

Repeated Exposure to Anesthetic Ketamine Can Negatively Impact Neurodevelopment in Infants: A Prospective Preliminary Clinical Study.
J Child Neurol, March 20, 2014.

Anesthesia considerations in pediatric glaucoma management
Curr Opin Ophthalmol, March 2014.

Anaesthetics-Induced Neurotoxicity in Developing Brain: An Update on Preclinical Evidence
Brain Sci, March 2014.

Anesthetic neurotoxicity
Anesthesiol Clin, March 2014.

Exposure to general anesthesia in early life and the risk of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder development: a nationwide, retrospective matched-cohort study
Paediatr Anaesth, March 2014.

Inflammation and the developing brain: consequences for hippocampal neurogenesis and behavior.
Neurosci Biobehav Rev., March 2014.

Isoflurane-induced Apoptosis of Neurons and Oligodendrocytes in the Fetal Rhesus Macaque Brain
Anesthesiology, March 2014.

Neonatal Morphine in Extremely and Very Preterm Neonates: Its Effect on the Developing Brain, a Review
J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med, March 2014.

The association between brain injury, perioperative anesthetic exposure, and 12-month neurodevelopmental outcomes after neonatal cardiac surgery: a retrospective cohort study.
Paediatr Anaesth, March 2014.

The potential dual effects of sevoflurane on AKT/GSK3beta signaling pathway
Med Gas Res, March 2014.

Anesthesia and the Developing Brain: Relevance to the Pediatric Cardiac Surgery
Brain Sci, February 2014.

Inhibition of aberrant cyclin-dependent kinase 5 activity attenuates isoflurane neurotoxicity in the developing brain
Neuropharmacology, February 2014.

Physiological disturbance may contribute to neurodegeneration induced by isoflurane or sevoflurane in 14 day old rats
PLoS One, January 2014.

Subclinical Carbon Monoxide Limits Apoptosis in the Developing Brain After Isoflurane Exposure
Anesth Analg, January 2014.

Anesthetics interfere with the polarization of developing cortical neurons
J Neurosurg Anesthesiol. 2012 Oct;24(4):368-75. Mintz CD, Smith SC, Barrett KM, Benson DL.

Isoflurane-induced apoptosis of oligodendrocytes in the neonatal primate brain
Ann Neurol. 2012 Oct;72(4):525-35. Brambrink AM, Back SA, Riddle A, Gong X, Moravec MD, Dissen GA, Creeley CE, Dikranian KT, Olney JW.

Report of the third PANDA symposium on “Anesthesia and Neurodevelopment in Children”
J Neurosurg Anesthesiol. 2012 Oct;24(4):357-61. Miller TL, Park R, Sun LS.

Feasibility and pilot study of the Pediatric Anesthesia NeuroDevelopment Assessment (PANDA) project
J Neurosurg Anesthesiol. 2012 Oct;24(4):382-8. Sun LS, Li G, DiMaggio CJ, Byrne MW, Ing C, Miller TL, Bellinger DC, Han S, McGowan FX.

Elective procedures and anesthesia in children: pediatric surgeons enter the dialogue on neurotoxicity questions, surgical options, and parental concerns
J Neurosurg Anesthesiol. 2012 Oct;24(4):396-400. Byrne MW, Ascherman JA, Casale P, Cowles RA, Gallin PF, Maxwell LG.

Pediatric anesthesia and neurodevelopmental impairments: a Bayesian meta-analysis
J Neurosurg Anesthesiol. 2012 Oct;24(4):376-81. DiMaggio C, Sun LS, Ing C, Li G.

Anesthesia-Induced Developmental Neurodegeneration: The Role of Neuronal Organelles
Front Neurol. 2012; 3: 141. Published online 2012 October 11. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2012.00141 Vesna Jevtovic-Todorovic, A. Boscolo, V. Sanchez, N. Lunardi

Advanced pre-clinical research approaches and models to studying pediatric anesthetic neurotoxicity
Front Neurol. 2012;3:142. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2012.00142. Epub 2012 Oct 17. Wang C.

SmartTots: A Public-Private Partnership Between the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the International Anesthesia Research Society (IARS)
Paediatr Anaesth. 2012 Oct;22(10):969-72. Ramsay JG, Roizen M, Davidson A

Neonatal Exposure to Sevoflurane Causes Apoptosis and Reduces nNOS Protein Expression in Rat Hippocampus
Mol Med Report. 2012 Sep;6(3):543-6. doi: 10.3892/mmr.2012.976. Epub 2012 Jul 2. Zhou X, Song FH, He W, Yang XY, Zhou ZB, Feng X, Zhou LH.

Are Anesthesia and Surgery during Infancy Associated with Altered Academic Performance during Childhood?
Anesthesiology. 2012 Sep;117(3):494-503. Block RI, Thomas JJ, Bayman EO, Choi JY, Kimble KK, Todd MM.

Long-term Differences in Language and Cognitive Function After Childhood Exposure to Anesthesia Pediatrics. 2012 Sep;130(3):e476-85. Ing C, Dimaggio C, Whitehouse A, Hegarty MK, Brady J, von Ungern-Sternberg BS, Davidson A, Wood AJ, Li G, Sun LS.

Review Article: Neuraxial Analgesia in Neonates and Infants: A Review of Clinical and Preclinical Strategies for the Development of Safety and Efficacy Data
Anesthesia & Analgesia. 2012 Sep;115(3):638-62. Epub 2012 Jul 13. Walker SM, Yaksh TL.

Delayed environmental enrichment reverses sevoflurane-induced memory impairment
Anesthesiology. 2012 Mar;1

Maternal anesthesia and fetal neurodevelopment
Int J Obstet Anesth. 2012

Anesthesiology. Pearn, Matthew L. M.D.; Hu, Yue B.S.; Niesman, Ingrid R. M.S.; Patel, Hemal H. Ph.D.; Drummond, John C. M.D.; Roth, David M. Ph.D., M.D.; Akassoglou, Katerina Ph.D.; Patel, Piyush M. M.D.; Head, Brian P. M.S., Ph.D.