Research Articles

Neurotoxicity of Inhalation Anesthetics in the Neonatal Rat Brain: Effects on Behavior and Neurodegeneration in the Piriform Cortex.
Anesthesiology Research and Practice. June 19, 2018

Does pediatric anesthesia cause brain damage? Addressing parental and provider concerns in light of compelling animal studies and seemingly ambivalent human data.
Korean Journal of Anesthesiology. June 4, 2018

The postoperative effect of sevoflurane inhalational anesthesia on cognitive function and inflammatory response of pediatric patients.
European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences. June 2018

Choosing Wisely in pediatric anesthesia: An interpretation from the German Scientific Working Group of Paediatric Anaesthesia (WAKKA).
Pediatric Anesthesia. May 30, 2018

Spinal anesthesia for surgery longer than 60 min in infants: experience from the first 2 years of a spinal anesthesia program.
Journal of Anesthesia. May 28, 2018

Adaptation of Microelectrode Array Technology for the Study of Anesthesia-induced Neurotoxicity in the Intact Piglet Brain.
Journal of Visualized Experiments. May 12, 2018

Spinal anesthesia instead of general anesthesia for infants undergoing tendon Achilles lengthening.
Local and Regional Anesthesia. May 3, 2018

Caffeine Augments Anesthesia Neurotoxicity in the Fetal Macaque Brain.
Scientific Reports. April 28, 2018

Persistent alteration in behavioural reactivity to a mild social stressor in rhesus monkeys repeatedly exposed to sevoflurane in infancy.
British Journal of Anaesthesia. April 2018

A neurosteroid analogue with T-type calcium channel blocking properties is an effective hypnotic, but is not harmful to neonatal rat brain.
British Journal of Anaesthesia. April 2018

Neuropsychological and Behavioral Outcomes after Exposure of Young Children to Procedures Requiring General Anesthesia: The Mayo Anesthesia Safety in Kids (MASK) Study.
Anesthesiology. April 2018

Clinical Evidence for Any Effect of Anesthesia on the Developing Brain.
Anesthesiology. April 2018

Anesthesia and Neurodevelopment in Children – perhaps the end of the beginning.
Anesthesiology. April 2018

Young Brain and Anesthesia: Refusal of Anesthesia Is Not an Option!
Anesthesiology. April 2018

The Challenges of Translation.
Anesthesiology. April 2018

Exposure of the Developing Brain to General Anesthesia: What is the Animal Evidence?
Anesthesiology. April 2018

SmartTots Update Regarding Anesthetic Neurotoxicity in the Developing Brain
Anesthesia & Analgesia. April 2018

SmartTots: Quo Vadis?
Anesthesia & Analgesia. April 2018

Non-sedation of the neonate for radiologic procedures.
Pediatric Radiology. March 17, 2018

Postoperative Delirium, Learning, and Anesthetic Neurotoxicity: Some Perspectives and Directions.
Frontiers in Neurology. March 2018

Reducing the Number of Anesthetic Exposures in the Early Years of Life: Circumcision and Myringotomy as an Example.
Clinical Pediatrics. March 2018

A Systematic Review of Risk Factors Associated With Cognitive Impairment After Pediatric Critical Illness.
Pediatric Critical Care Medicine. March 2018

S100β in newborns after C-section with general vs. epidural anesthesia: a prospective observational study.
Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. March 2018

Long-term neurocognitive outcomes following surgery and anaesthesia in early life.
Current Opinion in Anaesthesiology. February 9, 2018

Changes in sensory processing after anesthesia in toddlers.
Minerva Anestesiologica. February 5, 2018

Lipoic acid inhibited desflurane-induced hippocampal neuronal apoptosis through Caspase3 and NF-KappaB dependent pathway.
Tissue & Cell.” February 2018

Emulsified isoflurane induces release of cytochrome C in human neuroblastoma SHSY-5Y cells via JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinases) signaling pathway.
Neurotoxicology and Teratology. January – February 2018

Changes in tissue and cerebral oxygenation following spinal anesthesia in infants: a prospective study.
Journal of Anesthesia. January 12, 2018

Reducing sedation for pediatric body MRI using accelerated and abbreviated imaging protocols.
Pediatric Radiology. January 2018

Food and Drug Administration warning on anesthesia and brain development: implications for obstetric and fetal surgery.
American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. January 2018

An International, Multicenter, Observational Study of Cerebral Oxygenation during Infant and Neonatal Anesthesia
Anesthesiology January 2018

Propofol Exposure in Early Life Induced Developmental Impairments in the Mouse Cerebellum.
Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience. November 22, 2017

Systematic review of the neurocognitive outcomes used in studies of paediatric anaesthesia neurotoxicity.
British Journal of Anaesthesia. November 21, 2017

Effect of repeated neonatal sevoflurane exposure on the learning, memory and synaptic plasticity at juvenile and adult age.
American Journal of Translational Research. November 15, 2017

Repeated 2% sevoflurane administration in 7‑ and 60-day-old rats : Neurotoxicity and neurocognitive dysfunction.
Der Anaesthesist. November 2017

Caffeine combined with sedative/anesthetic drugs triggers widespread neuroapoptosis in a mouse model of prematurity
The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine November 2017

Predictors of Anesthetic Duration in Common Pediatric General Surgical Procedures
Anesthesioligy Today

Isoflurane exposure regulates the cell viability and BDNF expression of astrocytes via upregulation of TREK‑1
Mol Med Rep. 2017 Nov

Subsequent maternal separation exacerbates neurobehavioral abnormalities in rats neonatally exposed to sevoflurane anesthesia
Neuroscience Letters 20 November 2017

Epidemiology of Exposure to Anesthesia, Surgery, and Mortality in a Children’s Hospital Population
American Society of Anesthesiologists. October 21, 2017

Perinatal and neonatal use of sedation and analgesia
sfnm journal. October 7, 2017

Non-Anaesthetic Effects of Volatile Anaesthetics: A Short Trip on the Sea of Translational Medicine
October 2017

Sedation Analgesia and Neuromuscular Blockade in Pediatric Critical Care: Overview and Current Landscape.
Pediatric Clinics of North America. October 2017

Debate Over Neurotoxicity in Pediatric Anesthesia Draws No Firm Conclusions
Clinical Anesthesiology September 5, 2017

Reproducibility of science and developmental anaesthesia neurotoxicity: a tale of two cities.
British Journal of Anaesthesia. September 2017

Neonatal Propofol Anesthesia Changes Expression of Synaptic Plasticity Proteins and Increases Stereotypic and Anxyolitic Behavior in Adult Rats
Neurotox Res.2017 Apr 24

Are Anesthesia and Surgery during Infancy Associated with Decreased White Matter Integrity and Volume During Childhood? 
Anesthesiology Newly August 24, 2017

Editorial: Can We Really Suggest that Anesthesia Might Cause Attention-deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder?
Anesthesiology, August 2017

Association between Exposure of Young Children to Procedures Requiring General Anesthesia and Learning and Behavioral Outcomes in a Population-based Birth Cohort
Anesthesiology, August 2017

Overexpression cdc42 attenuates isoflurane-induced neurotoxicity in developmental brain of rats
Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 26 August 2017

Neonatal Propofol Anesthesia Changes Expression of Synaptic Plasticity Proteins and Increases Stereotypic and Anxyolitic Behavior in Adult Rats
Neurotox Res. 2017 Aug

Xenon as an adjuvant to sevoflurane anesthesia in children younger en than 4 years of age, undergoing interventional or diagnostic cardiac catheterization: A randomized controlled clinical trial
Wiley 2 August 2017

EDITORIAL Reducing risk in pediatric anesthesia: What are the implications from the APRICOT study?
Pediatric Anesthesia July 2017

Update on developmental anesthesia neurotoxicity.
Current Opinion in Anaesthesiology. June 30, 2017

Propofol-induced downregulation of NR2B membrane translocation in hippocampus and spatial memory deficits of neonatal mice
Brain Behav. June 2, 2017

Rutin attenuates isoflurane-induced neuroapoptosis via modulating JNK and p38 MAPK pathways in the hippocampi of neonatal rats
Exp Ther Med. 2017 May

Can we reduce anesthesia exposure? Neonatal brain MRI: Swaddling vs. sedation, a national survey
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ANESTHESIA May 2017

Optimization of Pediatric PET/CT
Semin Nucl Med. 2017 May

Visual recognition memory is impaired in rhesus monkeys repeatedly exposed to sevoflurane in infancy
Br J Anaesth aew473 31 May 2017

Effect of General Anesthesia on Neurodevelopmental Abnormalities in Children Undergoing Treatment of Vascular Anomalies With Laser Surgery: A Retrospective Review
Dermatol Surg. 2017 Apr

Elamipretide (SS-31) Ameliorates Isoflurane-Induced Long-Term Impairments of Mitochondrial Morphogenesis and Cognition in Developing Rats
Front Cell Neurosci 2017 Apr 25

The Risk of Going Under: Research paints a complex picture of how surgery and anesthesia might harm the brain, particularly in the elderly
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN March 2017

Editorial: The new FDA drug safety communication on the use of general anesthetics in young children: what should we make of it?
Pediatric Anesthesia 16 MAR 17

Why Some Pediatric Neurologists Are Concerned About a New FDA Warning About Anesthesia
Neurologists Today 16 March 2017

Anesthesia, Brain Changes, and Behavior: Insights from Neural Systems Biology
ScieceDirect 8 February 2017

Letter to the Editor: Was isoflurane the only cause of IL-1β upregulation?
Journal of Anesthesia 16 February 2017

Anesthetic-Related Neurotoxicity and Neuroimaging in Children: A Call for Conversation
Journal of Child Neurology

Scoping review: Awareness of neurotoxicity from anesthesia in children in otolaryngology literature
Laryngoscope 2017 Feb 22

Anesthesia and Developing Brains—Implications of the FDA Warning
N Engl J Med 2017

Introduction to the special issue “Developmental neurotoxicity associated with pediatric general anesthesia: Preclinical findings”
Neurotoxicology and Teratology 2017.02.01

Neuroprotection and neurotoxicity in the developing brain: an update on the effects of dexmedetomidine and xenon
Neurotoxicol Teratol. 2017 Jan 6

Selective induction of IL-1β after a brief isoflurane anesthetic in children undergoing MRI examination
J Anesth. 2017 Jan 3

Current thinking regarding potential neurotoxicity of general anesthesia in infants
Curr Opin Urol. 2017 Jan;27

The Neurotoxicity of General Anesthetic Drugs: Emphasis on the Extremes of Age Annu Rev Nurs Res. 2017 Jan 3

Neurotoxicity, general anesthesia in young children, and a survey of current pediatric anesthesia practice at US teaching institutions
Pediatric Anesthesia, Ward CG, Hines SJ, Maxwell LG, McGowan FX, Sun LS.

 

 

Neuroinflammation and Ischemic Neurodegeneration in the Central Nervous System of Newborn Piglets After Isoflurane Anesthesia

 

 

Presented at ASA, October 27, 2015

Dexmedetomidine Mitigates Neuroapoptosis Induced by Prenatal Intravenous Anesthetic Exposure in Rats
Presented at ASA, October 26, 2015

Latent Class Analysis of Neuropsychological Deficit After Exposure to Anesthesia in Early Childhood
Presented as ASA, October 26, 2015

Identifying Children at Risk for Anesthetic Neurotoxicity
Presented as ASA,October 24, 2015

Development of a Translational, Preclinical Piglet Model of Anesthesia-Induced Neurotoxicity Mechanisms in the Pediatric Population
Presented at ASA, October 24, 2015

Estimation and Analysis of Unnecessarily Early Procedures in Infants Younger than Six Month of Age in the United States
Presented at ASA, October 24, 2015

Neonatal MRI: Can We Reduce Anesthesia Exposure? A National Survey
Presented at ASA, October 24, 2015

Sedation and analgesia practices in neonatal intensive care units (EUROPAIN): results from a prospective cohort study
The Lancet, October 2015

Neonatal anesthesia: how we manage our most vulnerable patients
Korean J Anesthesiol. 2015 Oct; 68(5): 434–441.
Published online 2015 Sep 30.

 

 

Efficacy of rutin in inhibiting neuronal apoptosis and cognitive disturbances in sevoflurane or propofol exposed neonatal mice
Int J Clin Exp Med. 2015; 8(8): 14397–14409.
Published online 2015 Aug 15.

 

 

Pediatric dental sedation: challenges and opportunities
Clin Cosmet Investig Dent. 2015; 7: 97–106.
Published online 2015 Aug 26.

 

Long-Term Behavioral Effects in a Rat Model of Prolonged Postnatal Morphine Exposure
Behavioral Neuroscience, Vol 129(5),
Craig, M. M., & Bajic, D. (2015, July 27).

 

 

Long-term action of propofol on cognitive function and hippocampal neuroapoptosis in neonatal rats
Int J Clin Exp Med. 2015; 8(7): 10696–10704.
Published online 2015 Jul 15.

Neuroprotective properties of vitamin C on equipotent anesthetic concentrations of desflurane, isoflurane, or sevoflurane in high fat diet fed neonatal mice
Int J Clin Exp Med. 2015; 8(7): 10444–10458.
Published online 2015 Jul 15.

Anesthetic use in newborn infants: the urgent need for rigorous evaluation
Pediatr Res. 2015 Jul; 78(1): 2–6.
Published online 2015 Apr 8.

Cognition and Brain Structure Following Early Childhood Surgery With Anesthesia
Pediatrics, June 2015
Barynia Backeljauw, Scott K. Holland, Mekibib Altaye, Andreas W. Loepke

Propofol: A Review of its Role in Pediatric Anesthesia and Sedation
CNS Drugs, July 2015, Volume 29, Issue 7, pp 543-563

Age-dependent electroencephalogram (EEG) patterns during sevoflurane general anesthesia in infants
eLIFE, July 2015

Age-dependency of sevoflurane-induced electroencephalogram dynamics in children
British Journal of Anaesthesia, 2015

Cognition and Brain Structure Following Early Childhood Surgery With Anesthesia
Pediatrics, June 2015. 
Backeljawu B, Holland SK, Altaye M, Loepke AW

 

 

microRNA Expression Profiling of Propofol-Treated Developing Rat Hippocampal
DNA Cell Biol, June 2015.
Sun W, Pei L

Regional (spinal, epidural, caudal) versus general anaesthesia in preterm infants undergoing inguinal herniorrhaphy in early infancy
Cochrane Database Syst Rev., June 2015.
Jones LJ, Craven PD, Lakkundi A, Foster JP, Badawi N

Ketamine-Induced Toxicity in Neurons Differentiated from Neural Stem Cells
Mol Neurobiol, June 2015.
Slikker W Jr, Liu F, Rainosek SW, Patterson TA, Sadovova N, Hanig JP, Paule MG, Wang C

Early Exposure to General Anesthesia Disrupts Spatial Organization of Presynaptic Vesicles in Nerve Terminals of the Developing Rat Subiculum
Mol Neurobiol, June 2015.
Lunardi N, Oklopcic A, Prillaman M, Erisir A, Jevtovic-Todorovic V.

Long-term NMDA receptor inhibition affects NMDA receptor expression and alters glutamatergic activity in developing rat hippocampal neurons
Toxicology, June 2015. 
Sinner B, Friedrich O, Lindner R, Bundscherer A, Graf BM 

Anesthesia-related critical incidents in the perioperative period in children; a proposal for an anesthesia-related reporting system for critical incidents in children
Paediatr Anaesth, June 2015.
De Graaff JC, Sarfo MC, van Wolfswinkel L, van der Werff DB, Schouten AN

Safe Anesthesia For Every Tot – The SAFETOTS initiative.
Curr Opin Anaesthesiol, June 2015. Weiss M, Vutskits L, Hansen TG, Engelhardt T

Surgical Anesthesia in Young Children Linked to Effects on IQ, Brain Structure
Cincinnati Surgical, June 08, 2015

Carbon monoxide modulates Cytochrome Oxidase Activity and Oxidative Stress in the Developing Murine Brain During Isoflurane Exposure
Free Radic Biol Med.2015 May 29. pii: S0891-5849(15)00252-X. doi: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.05.029. [Epub ahead of print] Cheng Y¹, Mitchell-Flack MJ², Wang A<², Levy RJ

 

 

Apnea after Awake Regional and General Anesthesia in Infants: The General Anesthesia Compared to Spinal Anesthesia Study-Comparing Apnea and Neurodevelopmental Outcomes, A Randomized Controlled Trial
Anesthesiology, May 2015.  Davidson AJ, Morton NS, Arnup SJ, de Graaff JC, Disma N, Withington DE, Frawley G, Hunt RW, Hardy P, Khotcholava M, von Ungern Sternberg BS, Wilton N, Tuo P, Salvo I, Ormond G, Stargatt R, Locatelli BG, McCann ME

Predictors of Failure of Awake Regional Anesthesia for Neonatal Hernia Repair: Data from the General Anesthesia Compared to Spinal Anesthesia Study-Comparing Apnea and Neurodevelopmental Outcomes. Anesthesiology. 2015 May 14. Frawley G¹, Bell G, Disma N, Withington DE, de Graaff JC, Morton NS, McCann ME, Arnup SJ, Bagshaw O, Wolfler A, Bellinger D, Davidson AJ; General Anesthesia compared to Spinal anesthesia (GAS) Consortium.

Is this your (paediatric patient’s) brain on (anaesthetic) drugs?: The search for a potential neurological phenotype of anaesthesia-related neurotoxicity in humans
European Journal of Anaesthesiology, May 2015.  Loepke AW, Hansen TG.<

Risk of autistic disorder after exposure to general anaesthesia and surgery: A nationwide, retrospective matched cohort study
European Journal of Anaesthesiology, May 2015. Ko WR, Huang JY, Chiang YC, Nfor ON, Ko PC, Jan SR, Lung CC, Chang HC, Lin LY, Liaw YP

Anesthesia and the developing brain: a way forward for clinical research.
Paediatr Anaesth, May 2015. Davidson AJ, Becke K, de Graff J, Giribaldi G, Habre W, Hansen T, Hunt RW, Ing C, Loepke A, McCann ME, Ormond GD, Pini Prato A, Salvo I, Sun L, Vutskits L, Walker S, Disma N.

Impact of propofol anaesthesia on cytokine expression profiles in the developing rat brain: A randomised placebo-controlled experimental in-vivo study
Eur J Anaesthesiol, May 2015. Kargaran P, Lenglet S, Montecucco F, Mach F, Copin JC, Vutskits L

Regional anaesthesia in neonates, infants and children: An educational review
European Journal of Anaesthesiology, May 2015. Martin J

Elevation of Sestrin-2 expression attenuates Sevoflurane induced neurotoxicity
Metab Brain Dis, May 2015. Yi W, Zhang Y, Guo Y, Li D, Li X

Only extra-high dose of ketamine affects l-glutamate-induced intracellular Ca2+ elevation and neurotoxicity Neurosci Res, April 2015.  Shibuta S, Morita T, Kosaka J, Kamibavashi T, Funino Y

 

 

Dexmedetomidine Attenuates Neurotoxicity Induced by Prenatal Propofol Exposure.
J Neurosurg Anesthesiol, April 2015.
Li J, Xiong M, Nadavaluru PR, Zuo W, Ye JH, Eloy JD, Bekker A.

Repeated Exposure to Ketamine-Xylazine during Early Development Impairs Motor Learning-dependent Dendritic Spine Plasticity in Adulthood
Anesthesiology, April 2015.  Huang L, Yang G

Neurodevelopmental implications of the general anesthesia in neonate and infants
Exp Neurol, April 2015.
Lee JH, Zhang J, Wei L, Yu SP

Neurotoxicity of Generic Anesthesia Agents in Infants and Children: An Orphan Research Question in Search of a Sponsor
JAMA, April 2015. Psaty BM, Platt R, Altman RB

Low-dose sevoflurane promotes hippocampal neurogenesis and facilitates the development of dentate gyrus-dependent learning in neonatal rats.
ASN Neuro. April 2015. Chen C, Shen FY, Zhao X, Zhou T, Xu DJ, Wang ZR, Wang YW

Perioperative effects of caudal and transversus abdominis plane (TAP) blocks for children undergoing urologic robot-assisted laparoscopic surgery.
J Pediatr Urol, April 2015. Faasse MA, Lindgren BW, Frainey BT, Marcus CR, Szczodry DM, Glaser AP, Suresh S, Gong EM

Developmental stage-dependent impact of midazolam on calbindin, calretinin and parvalbumin expression in the immature rat medial prefrontal cortex during the brain growth spurt.
Int J Dev Neurosci, April 2015. Osterop SF, Virtanen MA, Loepke JR, Joseph B, Loepke AW, Vutskits L

Surgical Injury in the Neonatal Rat Alters the Adult Pattern of Descending Modulation from the Rostroventral Medulla
Anesthesiology. 2015 Apr 13. Walker SM, Fitzgerald M, Hathway GJ

Neurosurgical conditions and procedures in infancy are associated with mortality and academic performances in adolescence: a nationwide cohort study
Paediatr Anaesth, February 2015. Hansen TG, Pedersen JK, Henneberg SW, Morton NS, Christensen K

Academic Performance After Anesthesia and Surgery During Childhood: A Large-Scale Nation-Wide Study International Anesthesia Research Society, March 23, 2015.

 

 

A comparison of functional magnetic resonance imaging findings in children with and without a history of early exposure to general anesthesia
Paediatr Anaesth, March 2015.

Pre-treatment with a Xingnaojing preparation ameliorates sevoflurane-induced neuroapoptosis in the infant rat striatum.
Mol Med Rep, March 2015.

Effect of apoptosis in neural stem cells treated with sevoflurane
BioMed Central Anesthesiology, 2015.

Neuroprotective effects of pterostilbene against isoflurane-induced apoptosis through regulating the JNK and PI3K/Akt pathway in neonatal rats
Bangladesh Journal of Pharmacology, 2015.

Repeated Exposure to Ketamine-Xylazine during Early Development Impairs Motor Learning-dependent Dendritic Spine Plasticity in Adulthood
Anesthesiology, 2015.

Interventional Procedures for Chronic Pain in Children and Adolescents: A Review of the Current Evidence
Pain Pract, March 2015.
Shah RD, Cappiello D, Suresh S

Altered Metabolomic Profiles May Be Associated with Sevoflurane-Induced Neurotoxicity in Neonatal Rats. Neurochem Res, February 2015.

Dexamethasone but not the equivalent doses of hydrocortisone induces neurotoxicity in neonatal rat brain.
Pediatr Res, February 2015.

Is There Evidence for Long-Term Neurocognitive Effects of Sedatives
Pediatric Sedation Outside of the Operating Room: A Multispecialty International Collaboration, 2015.

Special aspects of pediatric anesthesia in ophthalmic surgery
Ophthalmologe, February 2015. Keilhauer J, Trieschmann U, Böttiger BW

Morphological features of the neonatal brain following exposure to regional anesthesia during labor and delivery
Magnetic Resonance Imagning, February, 2015

Anesthetic neurotoxicity–clinical implications of animal models
N Engl J Med, February 2015.

Hyperexcitability of Rat Thalamocortical Networks after Exposure to General Anesthesia during Brain Development
The Journal of Neuroscience, January 2015.

 

 

Molecular pathways of mitochondrial dysfunctions: Possible cause of cell death in anesthesia-induced developmental neurotoxicity.
Brain Res Bull, January 2015.

Pre-administration of curcumin prevents neonatal sevoflurane exposure-induced neurobehavioral abnormalities in mice
Neurotoxicology, January 2015.
Ji MH, Qiu LL, Yang JJ, Zhang H, Sun XR, Zhu SH, Li WY, Yang JJ

Single sevoflurane exposure increases methyl-CpG island binding protein 2 phosphorylation in the hippocampus of developing mice
Mol Med Rep, January 2015.
Han XD, Li M, Zhang XG, Xue ZG, Cang J

Long-term effects of single or multiple neonatal sevoflurane exposures on rat hippocampal ultrastructure
Anesthesiology, January 2015.
Amrock LG, Starner ML, Murphy KL, Baxter MG

A systematic review and quantitative analysis of neurocognitive outcomes in children with four chronic illnesses.
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada., November 2013.

Educational outcome in adolescence following pyloric stenosis repair before 3 months of age: a nationwide cohort study.
Department of Anesthesia & Intensive Care, Odense University Hospital, Odense C, Denmark. [email protected], October 2013.

Functional implications of an early exposure to general anesthesia: are we changing the behavior of our children?
Mol Neurobiol, October 2013.

Basic aspects of the potential toxicity of anesthetic drugs
Arch Pediatr, September 2013.

Anesthetic neurotoxicity in the newborn and infant
Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, August 29, 2013.

Safety first, safety at early age: The quagmire of neurotoxicity in pediatric anaesthesia
Indian Journal of Anaesthesia, July 25, 2013.

Ketamine as Anesthetics can Damage Children’s Learning and Memory Ability
Science Codex, July 19, 2013.

Long-term effects of neonatal single or multiple isoflurane exposures on spatial memory in rats.
Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford , UK ; Glickenhaus Laboratory of Neuropsychology, Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York, NY , USA., July 2013.

Cell age-specific vulnerability of neurons to anesthetic toxicity
Department of Anesthesiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Program in Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, June 2013.

Neuroprotective effects of dexmedetomidine against glutamate agonist-induced neuronal cell death are related to increased astrocyte brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression.
Anesthesiology, May 2013.

Propofol-Induced Apoptosis of Neurones and Oligodendrocytes in Fetal and Neonatal Rhesus Macaque Brain
British Journal of Anaesthesia, April 6, 2013.

Characterization and Quantification of Isoflurane-Induced Developmental Apoptotic Cell Death in Mouse Cerebral Cortex
Anesthesia & Analgesia, April 2013.

Neonatal Sevoflurane Anesthesia Induces Long-Term Memory Impairment and Decreases Hippocampal PSD-95 Expression without Neuronal Loss
Anesthesiology, March 2013. Department of Anesthesia, ZhongShan hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

Prognostic Study of Sevoflurane-Based General Anesthesia on Cognitive Function in Children
J Anesth. 2013 Feb 6. [Epub ahead of print]Neurotoxicity of general anesthetics in childhood: does anesthesia leave its mark on premature babies, newborns and infants?
Anaesthesist, February 2013.

Repeated exposure to propofol potentiates neuroapoptosis and long-term behavioral deficits in neonatal rats.
Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China., February 2013.

Anesthetics Interfere with Axon Guidance in Developing Mouse Neocortical Neurons In Vitro via a γ-Aminobutyric Acid Type A Receptor Mechanism
Anesthesiology. 2013 Jan 29. [Epub ahead of print]Dual Effects of Isoflurane on Proliferation, Differentiation, and Survival in Human Neuroprogenitor Cells Anesthesiology. 2013 Jan 11. [Epub ahead of print]Sevoflurane Anesthesia in Pregnant Mice Induces Neurotoxicity in Fetal and Offspring Mice
Anesthesiology. 2013 January 9. [epub ahead of print]Selective Anesthesia-induced Neuroinflammation in Developing Mouse Brain and Cognitive Impairment
Anesthesiology. 2013 January 9. [epub ahead of print]Early Developmental Exposure to Volatile Anesthetics Causes Behavioral Defects in Caenorhabditis elegans Anesthesia & Analgesia. January 2013, 116 (1).

Anesthetic Neurotoxicity: A Difficult Dragon to Slay
Anesthesia & Analgesia Joss Thomas, Gregory Crosby, John C. Drummond, Michael Todd

Early Childhood Exposure to Anesthesia and Risk of Developmental and Behavioral Disorders in a Sibling Birth Cohort
Anesthesia & Analgesia Dimaggio C, Sun L, Li G

Pediatric Anesthesia Neurotoxicity: An Overview of the 2011 SmartTots Panel
Anesthesia & Analgesia Jevtovic-Todorovic V

SmartTots: A Multidisciplinary Effort to Determine Anesthetic Safety in Young Children
Anesthesia & Analgesia Ramsay JG, Rappaport BA

The Role of Calcium Dysregulation in Anesthetic-Mediated Neurotoxicity
Anesthesia & Analgesia Wei H

The Toxic Effects of S(+)-Ketamine on Differentiating Neurons In Vitro as a Consequence of Suppressed Neuronal Ca2+ Oscillations
Anesthesia & Analgesia Sinner B, Friedrich O, Zink W, Zausig Y, Graf BM

Anesthetics and Sedatives: Toxic or Protective for the Developing Brain?
Pharmacological Research [Epub ahead of print] Ward CG, Loepke AW

Cognitive and Behavioral Outcomes After Early Exposure to Anesthesia and Surgery
Pediatrics. [Epub adhead of print] Flick RP, Katusic SK, Colligan RC, Wilder RT, Voigt RG, Olson MD, Sprung J, Weaver AL, Schroeder DR, Warner DO

Anesthetic-Related Neurotoxicity and the Developing Brain: Shall We Change Practice?
Paediatric Drugs [Epub ahead of print] Vutskits L

Neurotoxicity of Anesthetic Drugs in the Developing Brain
Anesthesia & Analgesia [Epub ahead of print] Stratmann G

Neonatal Desflurane Exposure Induces More Robust Neuroapoptosis than Do Isoflurane and Sevoflurane and Impairs Working Memory
Anesthesiology [Epub ahead of print] Kodama M, Satoh Y, Otsubo Y, Araki Y, Yonamine R, Masui K, Kazama T

GABAergic Excitotoxicity Injury of the Immature Hippocampal Pyramidal Neurons’ Exposure to Isoflurane Anesthesia & Analgesia [Epub ahead of print] Zhao YL, Xiang Q, Shi QY, Li SY, Tan L, Wang JT, Jin XG, Luo AL

General Anesthesia Causes Long-term Impairment of Mitochondrial Morphogenesis and Synaptic Transmission in Developing Rat Brain
Anesthesiology [Epub ahead of print] Sanchez V, Feinstein SD, Lunardi N, Joksovic PM, Boscolo A, Todorovic SM, Jevtovic-Todorovic V

Anesthesia and the developing brain: are we getting closer to understanding the truth?
Current Opinion in Anesthesiology Jevtovic-Todorovic V

Developmental Stage-dependent persistent impact of propofol anesthesia on dendritic spines in the rat medial prefrontal cortex
Anesthesiology Briner A, Nikonenko I, De Roo M, Dayer A, Muller D, Vutskits L

Propofol induces neuronal apoptosis in infant rat brain under hypoxic conditions
Brain Research Bulletin Tu S, Wang X, Yang F, Chen B, Wu S, He W, Yuan X, Zhang H, Chen P, Wei G

Are anaesthetics toxic to the brain?
British Journal of Anaesthesia Hudson AE, Hemmings HC Jr

Disruption of blastomeric F-actin: a potential early biomarker of developmental toxicity in zebrafish Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry Kanungo J, Paule MG

Neuraxial labor analgesia for vaginal delivery and its effects on childhood learning disabilities
Anesthesia & Analgesia Flick RP, Lee K, Hofer RE et al.

Inhalation anesthetic-induced neuronal damage in the developing rhesus monkey
Neurotoxicology and Teratology Zuo X, Liu F, Zhang X et al.

Learning disability in children as an outcome in anesthesia and analgesia research
Anesthesia & Analgesia Radcliffe J, Bellinger DC

Developmental stage-dependent persistent impact of propofol anesthesia dendritic spines in the rat medial prefontal cortex
Anesthesiology Briner A, Nikonenko I, De Roo M, Dayer A, Muller D, Vutskits L

Labor analgesia and the developing human brain
Anesthesia & Analgesia Sun LS

Academic Performance in Adolescence after Inguinal Hernia Repair in Infancy: A Nationwide Cohort Study Anesthesiology Hansen TG, Pedersen JK, Henneberg SW, Pedersen DA, Murray JC, Morton NS, Christensen K

FDA considers data on potential risks of anesthesia use in infants, children
The Journal of the American Medical Association Kuehn BM

Defining safe use of anesthesia in children
The New England Journal of Medicine Rappaport B, Mellon RD, Simone A, Woodcock J

Ketamine anesthesia during the first week of life can cause long-lasting cognitive deficits in rhesus monkeys Neurotoxicology and Teratology Paule MG, Li M et al.