Abstract
Excessive exposure to commonly used anesthetic agents, such as ketamine, may induce permanent damage to immature human brains. In this work, we used a human embryonic stem cell (hESC)-derived neuron model to assess the expression and function of human microRNA 735 (hsa-miR-375) in regulating ketamine-induced neural cell death and neural toxicity in vitro. In the in vitro culture, hESC-derived neurons were incubated with ketamine for 72 h. After that, cell viability, reactive oxygen species activity, neural apoptosis, neurite degeneration, and hsa-miR-375 gene expression were assessed, respectively. We found ketamine induced neural death, reactive oxygen species augmentation, neural apoptosis, neurite degeneration and hsa-miR-375 upregulation, in hESC-derived neurons. In addition, we discovered that, lentivirus-mediated mR-375 downregulation protected ketamine-induced neural cell death and neural toxicity. Also, human brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) was found to be directly and reversely regulated by hsa-miR-375. Moreover, BDNF downregulation was shown to functionally reverse the protective effect of miR-375 downregulation on ketamine-induced neural cell death and neural toxicity. Overall, this work provided strong evidence showing hsa-miR-375 is an active regulator in anesthesia-induced neural cell death and neural toxicity, possibly via inverse regulation on BDNF gene.